Transitional society or Preconditions for take-off 3. Take-off 4. Drive to maturity 5. Age of High mass consumption 6. This according to W. Rostow is the first stage a country will find herself as she begins to grow. Just like a baby who crawls not because she loves to crawl, but must count one before two walking. So is a traditional society or economy who lacks the wherewithal mentally and otherwise to engage in technologically driven activities until it grows from the little she can handle to what should be handled.
Furthermore, it refers to a country where a larger number of their populations are involved in agriculture. These kinds of societies still hang on to fetish belief system that gods or spirits facilitate the procurement of goods, rather than man and his own ability. Therefore below are the prevalent characteristics of this kind of economy.
Thus, the social structure was generally feudalistic in nature. Here the conditions required for the smooth take off of the economy to her desired dreamland of development is conceived, nurtured and worked on. Furthermore, this stage of economic growth undergoes a process of change for building up of conditions for growth and take off. These changes in society and the economy had to be of a fundamental nature in the socio political structure and production techniques.
Also it is a stage of transition where the conditions for take off are developed. Engagement in secular education ii. Establishment of bank and currency iii. Emerging of the entrepreneurial class iv. Change in attitude of people towards risk taking, changes in working environment and openness to change in social and political organization and structure is required.
The high population percentage on agriculture should be shifted to industry, trade and commerce vii. Perspective of high child bearing should be replaced with less children viii. Income should be shifted from the feudals to those who will spend it on productive ventures.
Shift from agrarian to an Industrial or manufacturing society begins II. The surplus should not be wasted on the flivorous extravagance of feudal lords or the state, but should be spent on boosting infrastructure, industries thus preparing for self sustained growth of the economy later on.
This is the crucial stage in which the economy transforms itself in such a way that the economic growth subsequently takes place more or less automatically. The take off is defined as the interval during which rate of investment increases in such a way that real output per capita rises.
This stage takes about 2 to 3 decades duration i. For this stage to be successful, three main conditions must be fulfilled among others. It is important to note that Rostow grouped the different sectors of the economy in this stage into: 2.
Sector 1: Primary Growth Sectors This is where possibilities for innovation in unexplored resources yield a higher growth rate. Sector 2: Supplementary Growth Sectors This is where these sectors supplement. Example iron, coal, and engineering industry in relation to rail road.
Sector 3: The Derived Growth Sectors Advances in these sectors occurs in relation to growth of total real income, population and industrial production. Historically, these sectors range from cotton textile , heavy industrial complex and diary products.
There are also two types of take off models as postulated by Rostow. Export Based Take off: This is the exact opposite of the above whereby there is rapid increase in demand for locally made goods abroad. More countries have followed this kind of take off model in recent past. During this period, industrial process is differentiated with new leading sectors gathering momentum to supplant the older leading sectors of the take off era where deceleration has increasingly decreased the rate of expansion.
Some sixty years after take-off begins say, forty years after the end of take-off what may be called maturity is generally attained. The workers acquire greater skill and their wages increase in real terms. NB: On comparing the dates of take-off and drive to maturity these countries reached the stage of maturity in approximately 60 years.
However, three forces are clear in boosting welfare in this post maturity stage. First, the pursuit of national policy to enhance power and influence beyond national frontiers. Second, to have a welfare state by a more equitable distribution of national income by progressive taxation, increased social security and leisure to the work force.
Last, decisions to create new commercial centres and leading sectors like cheap automobiles, houses and innumerable electrically operated household devices. The third, already having money and prestige, concerns itself with the arts and music, worrying little about those previous earthly concerns.
This tendency though noticeable among countries but was most remarkable in United States. During the years of the second world war, the American birth rate rose from 18 to about 22 per In the post war years, however, it moved up and has remain in 25 per Furthermore, in a situation where personal income is far above disposable income, the excesses must be channeled somewhere.
Referring to the graph above, there is steep increase in the rate of savings and investment from the stage of pre take off till drive to Maturity; then, following that stage the growing rate of savings and investment moderates.
This initial and accelerating steep increase in savings and investment is a pre condition for the economy to reach the take off stage and far beyond. However, there are doubts by economists in the authenticity of the division of economic history into five stages of growth as presented by Rostow. To maintain that every economy follows the same course of development with a common past and the same future is to over-schematize the complex forces of development and to give the sequence of stages a generality that is unwarranted.
Traditional society not essential for growth that a country will pass through the first stage since countries like United States, Canada, New Zealand and Australia were born free of traditional societies and they derive the preconditions from an already advanced country; Britain.
Rostow also assumed that all countries have a desire to develop in the same way, with the end goal of mass consumption, disregarding the diversity of priorities that each society holds and different measures of development. Stage making idea is misleading: Rostow says that all the nations have passed through these stages. But it is quite incorrect to say that all the nations have followed this route, when they are having different environment and resources.
Preconditions may not precede the take-off: critics have argued that preconditions do not necessarily precede take off. For instance, there is no reason to believe that an agricultural revolution and accumulation of social over head capital in transport must take place before the take off. Disregard of the most fundamental geographical principal; site and situation: Rostow assumes that all countries have an equal chance to develop without regard to population size, natural resources or location.
Overlapping in the stages: in fact, the experience of most countries have shown that development in agriculture continued even in the take off stage. The take-off in the case of New Zealand and Denmark is attributed to agricultural development. Similarly, social overhead capital in transport especially in railways, has been off the leading sectors in the take-off as Rostow himself asserts. This shows that there is considerable overlapping in the different stages.
The take-off dates are doubtful: Economic historians are skeptical about the take-off dates suggested by Rostow. The take-off dates suggested by Rostow. The dates also vary from publication to publication. In fact, it will take many years of research to determine the correctness or otherwise of the dates suggested by Rostow.
Furthermore, possibilities of failure are not considered since Rostow ignored the bump downs and crash landings. The analysis of take-off also neglects that effects of historical heritage, time of entry into the process of modern economic growth, degree of backwardness and other relevant factors on the characteristics of the early phases of modern economic growth in the different countries.
Then where lies the need for a separate stage, where the growth processes becomes self-sustained. It can be self-sustained even in the take-off stage. The characterization of one stage of growth as self-sustained and of others by implication, as lacking that property, requires substantive evidence and analysis not provided by Rostow. The stages, of high mass consumption not chronological: the age of high mass consumption is so defined that certain countries like Australia and Canada have entered this stage before even reaching maturity.
But caironcross says that it is not a new idea. It is also available in Lewis thinking. He further says when the saving habits will change, whether in pre-conditions or in take-off stage. The external factors which are beyond their control can nullify the best strategies followed by UDCs. While the underdeveloped countries are still passing through traditional society or the pre-condition to take off.
It is important to note that take off is ideally suited for the industrialization of underdeveloped countries. For a country that is developing, development of one or more leading sectors are helpful in the process of industrialization. Although, the leading sectors can be in agriculture or in the production of primary products for exports.
These under developing countries are least expected to pass through those stages of economic growth in order to achieve its goals. In conclusion, underdeveloped countries must learn a lesson from the economic history of advanced nations. They should follow the rules of development to take- off and then to self-sustaining economic growth. Translate PDF. Environmental management offers us a better livelihood by ensuring proper management in different sector of our life.
Environment comprises various types of forces such as physical, intellectual, economic, political, cultural, social, moral and emotional. Environment is the sum total of all these external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturation of living organisms.
In another word, Environment refers to the sum total of condition, which surround point in space and time. And environmental management is an attempt to control human impact on and interaction with the environment in order to preserve natural resources.
It focuses on the improvement of human welfare for present and future generations. Environmental management system is simply a collection of activities undertaken to ensure that environmental issues are managed. It is intended to enable the management and mitigation of construction activities so that environmental impacts are avoided or reduced. These impacts range from those incurred during start up e. Information presented in the EMP is typically categorised as follows: - Identify the specific activity or potential impact that requires management; - Determine the mitigation measures to be implemented; - Identify the performance indicator; - Identify who would be responsible for implementation and - Identify who would be responsible for monitoring.
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However, depending on the nature of the operational activity, the need to manage risks and potential residual impacts may remain well after operations have ceased. Examples of potential residual impacts and risks include contamination of soil and groundwater, stock that has been abandoned e. The decommissioning phase of EMP provides specific guidance with respect to the management of the environmental risks associated with the decommissioning stage of a project.
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